Difference between revisions of "Water Quality Control of the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) Middle Route Project (MRP)"
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Table 2 Breakdown of water quality control projects and their costs '''4''' | Table 2 Breakdown of water quality control projects and their costs '''4''' | ||
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|Key Questions= | |Key Questions= | ||
|Issues={{Issue | |Issues={{Issue | ||
Revision as of 07:14, 6 June 2012
| Geolocation: | 32° 36' 0", 111° 35' 60" |
|---|---|
| Total Population | 11.9811,980,000 millionmillion |
| Total Area | 9500095,000 km² 36,679.5 mi² km2 |
| Climate Descriptors | temperate |
| Predominent Land Use Descriptors | agricultural- cropland and pasture, industrial use, urban |
| Important Uses of Water | Agriculture or Irrigation, Domestic/Urban Supply, Industry - consumptive use, Industry - non-consumptive use |
Contents
Summary
Natural, Historic, Economic, Regional, and Political Framework
Governance Framework
To understand the political framework of the topic of interest, we need to first take a look at the political framework of Chinese government system, as shown in Figure 3. The top administrative organization is called the State Council, followed hierarchically by provinces and Municipalities, cities, counties or districts, and villages. There are also Autonomous Regions (e.g. Xinjiang and Tibet), as well as Special Administrative Regions (e.g. Hongkong and Macau), which are at the same level as provinces. Ministries, such as Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Water Resources, etc., are executive bodies under the direct lead of the State Council. Departments of similar functions (environmental protection, water resources, etc.) take responsibility at the provincial, city, and even district level; they report to their superior organizations up to ministry level.
As an inter-basin water transfer project, SNWDP involves a number of provinces and municipalities. To coordinate among different provinces, an institutional body – the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Office (SNWD Project Office) was created in 1979 to oversee the planning, design, construction and operation of the SNWDP. A committee led by the Vice Prime Minister sets the goals and policy of the Project Office. The board members of the committee include all relevant ministers, provincial governors, and municipality mayors. There are also sub-offices at the provincial and municipal levels in charge of the construction projects within their jurisdictional boundaries. In short, the central government endorses SNWD Project Office to perform a coordinative role in all issues related to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
Water Quality Related Regulation
To assure good water quality the SNWD Project Office created the Reservoir, the Water Pollution Control & Soil and Water Conservation Plan (hereafter referred to as “the Plan”) in 2005. According to the Plan, the Danjiangkou Reservoir and main Han River should achieve water quality of Category II, and the tributaries flowing into Danjiangkou Reservoir should be better than Category III4. Eighteen control zones were created at the watershed of the reservoir (Figure 4). These control zones span across Shaanxi, Hubei and Henan Provinces. Three of the eighteen zones are within 5km of the Reservoir peripheral and are therefore defined as the Water Source Area Security Zone. Three zones on the far left side are the sources of Han River. The soil and water conservation in these zones are essential to the water quality in the Reservoir, so together these zones are defined as the Ecological Conservation Zone. The other eleven zones in between are collectively called the Water Quality Impact Zone (Figure 5). The Plan computed the environmental capacity of each control zone, based on the water quality condition of the river stretch in that particular zone. By comparing the current pollution loadings with the environmental capacity of the control zones, the Plan computed the amount of loading reduction needed for each control zone.
The Water Source Area (WSA) of the Middle Route spans across Hubei, Shaanxi and Henan province. The Water Receiving Area (WRA) includes Beijing, Tianjin, Henan and Hebei provinces (Figure 2). Henan province is both WSA and WRA.
Table 1 summarizes the economic indicators for the provinces and municipalities of the water source area and water receiving area. As the table shows, the GDP per person of Beijing and Tianjin are about three times of the other provinces. It is obvious from the figure that water source area is generally much poorer than the water receiving area.
Tables 1a and 1b: Economic facts of the Water Source Area (WSA) and Water Receiving Area (WRA) provinces/municipalities source5
Table 1a WRA
As mentioned previously, the Plan guides much of the water quality control efforts for the Danjiangkou Reservoir. Based on loading reduction targets for each control zone, the Plan includes several lists of projects to invest in, which include wastewater treatment plants, landfills, eco-agriculture, soil and water conservation, wetland protection, etc. Eight-hundred and seventy-eight projects were proposed to be carried out in the short term, which will cost 6.989 billion CNY (Chinese Yuan). Another 1,234 projects were planned for the long term, which would cost 12.444 billion CNY. The breakdown of the costs of the projects is shown in Table 2.
The amount of work needed to be done is enormous, but it is not clear in the Plan who will bear the cost of these projects. Up to now, there is no clear-cut long term mechanism in place to finance those projects. If there financing instrument for the planned water quality control projects, the burden on local economy and local people will be unbearable. For example, according to Dong et al.6, Shiyan City, one of the cities in the Water Source Area Security Zone in Hubei Province, has shut down a large number of polluting enterprises, including 3,622 paper mills. It has spent 5.34 billion CNY on water quality control projects, and its financial revenue has reduced by 0.65 billion CNY due to the closure of the pollution-cause enterprises.
Table 2 Breakdown of water quality control projects and their costs 4
Issues and Stakeholders
Government expenditure on water quality related infrastructure projects. How will the required water quality standard be met in an equitable way?
NSPD: "Water Quantity (allocation, competitive use, climate influence/uncertainty)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Water Quality (quality for a given purpose, quality from the viewpoint of a stakeholder)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Assets (specific human or economic assets)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property.
Stakeholder Types: Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Non-legislative governmental agency
The cost to finance this project both in terms of short term construction and long term maintenance is very large. The economic reality for the counties in the water source country varies significantly and in some locations the tax revenue is not sufficient to cover infrastructure project costs associated with the Plan.
Stakeholders
- SNWD Project Office (ministerial level government)
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Finance
- Water Source Area governments and their levels
- Henan Province (河南省)
- Nanyang City (南阳市):Xixia County (西峡县), Xichuan County (淅川县)
- Luoyang City (洛阳市): Luanchuan County (栾川县), Sanmenxia City (三门峡市), Lushi County (卢氏县)
- Hubei Province (湖北省provincial government)
- Shiyan City (十堰市): Zhangwan District Bailin Town (张湾区,柏林镇), Zhuxi County (竹溪县), Zhushan County (竹山县), Yun County (郧县), Fang County (房县), Yunxi County (郧西县)
- Xiangyang City (襄阳市): Xiangzhou District Huanglong Town (襄州区,黄龙镇)
- Danjiangkou City (丹江口市)
- Shaanxi Province (陕西省, provincial government)
- Ankang City (安康市, city government): Shiquan County (石泉县), Hanyin County (汉阴县), Ziyang County (紫阳县), Langao County (岚皋县), Xunyang County (旬阳县), Pingli County (平利县), Zhenping County (镇坪县), Baihe County (白河县), Ningxia County (宁峡县)
- Shangluo City (商洛市): Shangzhou District (商周区), Zhen’an County (镇安县), Zuoshui County (柞水县), Danfeng County (丹凤县), Shangnan County (商南县), Shanyang County (山阳县)
- Hanzhong City (汉中市): Hantai District (汉台区), Ningqiang County (宁强县), Lueyang County (略阳县), Mian County (勉县), Liuba County (留坝县), Nanzheng County (南郑县), Chenggu County (城固县), Yang County (洋县), Xixiang County (西乡县), Foping County (佛坪县), Zhenba County (镇巴县)
- Baoji City (宝鸡市): Taibai County (太白县)
- Hebei Province (河北省)
- Henan Province (河南省)
- Water Receiving Area
Population affected by water quality control in the water source area
NSPD: "Water Quantity (allocation, competitive use, climate influence/uncertainty)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Water Quality (quality for a given purpose, quality from the viewpoint of a stakeholder)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Governance (institutions, entities, legal frameworks)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Values and Norms (social value or cultural norm)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property.
Stakeholder Types: Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Non-legislative governmental agency, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest, Industry/Corporate Interest, Community or organized citizens
Certain farmers will be required to cease farming their land upstream from the reservoir to preserve water quality (mitigation of runoff). A rough estimation is in the hundreds of thousands. Manufacturing plants in the area will also be displaced.
Stakeholders
- Yellow Ginger Industry
- Paper manufacturing industry
- Chemical production industry
- Metal smelting industry
- Ecological migration of farmers
- General population in water source area
Costs and benefits sharing between WRA and WSA
NSPD: "Governance (institutions, entities, legal frameworks)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Assets (specific human or economic assets)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Values and Norms (social value or cultural norm)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property.
Stakeholder Types: Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Non-legislative governmental agency, Industry/Corporate Interest, Community or organized citizens
Due to forced ecological migration of farmers and the shut-down of factories in the Water Source Area, the WSA will be bearing the greatest social and economic burden of the Plan. The Water Receiving Area will enjoy the benefit of water delivery, without the burdens borne by the WSA.
Stakeholders
- Water Receiving Area (WRA)
- Water Source Area (WSA)
- SNWD Project Office
Involving stakeholders in decision making process
NSPD: "Water Quality (quality for a given purpose, quality from the viewpoint of a stakeholder)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Assets (specific human or economic assets)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property., "Values and Norms (social value or cultural norm)" is not in the list of possible values (Water Quantity, Water Quality, Ecosystems, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms) for this property.
Stakeholder Types: Federated state/territorial/provincial government, Sovereign state/national/federal government, Community or organized citizens
Analysis, Synthesis, and Insight
Individuals may add their own Analysis, Synthesis, and Insight (ASI) to a case. ASI sub-articles are protected, so that each contributor retains authorship and control of their own content. Edit the case to add your own ASI.
Learn moreASI:Alternative Solutions to the Water Demand of Northern China
Concerning the ultimate problem of imbalance water demand distribution in the Northern and Southern China, scholars suggest implementations that will further consider China's water sustainability other than water diversion.(read the full article... )
Contributed by: Samuel Hsiao (last edit: 1 August 2013)
ASI:Determining Fair Payment for Ecosystem Services
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), a voluntary exchange of a defined environmental service for a fee, has been previously implemented in China there is no consensus on criteria for fair compensation. Planned water quality control actions require capital investments and restrict development options for the water source area. For this reason, the receiving area is expected to compensate the source area for their conservation efforts. How should PES payments be determined?(read the full article... )
Contributed by: Margaret Garcia (last edit: 19 March 2013)
