Difference between revisions of "Creative Options and Value Creation to Address Water Security in the Eastern Nile Basin"

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<sup>1</sup> Considering Sudan and South Sudan together
 
<sup>1</sup> Considering Sudan and South Sudan together
 +
 
==Stakeholders Matrix==
 
==Stakeholders Matrix==
 +
<table width="90%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
 +
<tr>
 +
<td rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="30%" height="15" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: 1px solid #00000a; border-bottom: 1px solid #000001; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Stakeholders
 +
</font></font></font>
 +
</p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td colspan="2" width="70%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: 1px solid #00000a; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Issues</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">1)
 +
Water quantity</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">2)
 +
Water-Food-Energy nexus</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td colspan="2" width="70%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: 1px solid #00000a; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">NSPD
 +
variables</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="26" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Number</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Description</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">water
 +
quantity, ecosystems, governance</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#d9d9d9" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">assets,
 +
governance, values and norms </font></font></font>
 +
</p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="133" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">1</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Egypt-National
 +
Government</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The
 +
country relies on the Main Nile River, coming from Sudan. It wants
 +
to keep water share at Aswan High Dam. Signed Declaration of
 +
Principles with main aim of not causing &quot;significant damage&quot;
 +
on riparians' water use</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The
 +
country needs water for energy production and irrigation. Most of
 +
water is used in agriculture sector to grow food for increasing
 +
population.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="107" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">2</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Ethiopia-National
 +
Government</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">It
 +
claims having the right to develop. This country is the source of
 +
the Blue Nile, main tributary for the Main Nile</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The
 +
country wants to harness its hydropower potential and so boost
 +
industrialization to escape poverty. It is building the Grand
 +
Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) with capacity for 6000 MW</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="92" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">3</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Sudan-National
 +
Government</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The
 +
country wants to make use of its water share. This would be
 +
possible if GERD is finished as Sudan would have sufficient and
 +
timely water stored upstream</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Water
 +
is needed to foster development of irrigation schemes mostly for
 +
food production</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="110" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">4</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">South
 +
Sudan-National Government</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The
 +
new country demands participation in the water share agreed by
 +
former Sudan and Egypt. However, current civil war offsets this
 +
demand. Current priority is safe water access for displaced
 +
population</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">It
 +
wants to develop agriculture for internal demand. It also has
 +
potential to become the &quot;bread basket&quot; of North Africa
 +
and Middle East.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="77" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">5</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">China-National
 +
Government</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">***</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">China
 +
is interested in the region. It offers hydropower expertise and
 +
provide financial assistance. In returns, it has access to natural
 +
resources (oil and minerals).</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="111" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">6</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Irrigation
 +
districts/schemes</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Farmers
 +
in Egypt rely on water diverted at Aswan High Dam. Sudanese
 +
farmers rely on both, diversion and seasonal floods. Both rely on
 +
surface water, mostly from the Blue Nile River</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Water
 +
is used for growing food for both economic activity and
 +
subsistence.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="48" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">7</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Big
 +
cities (Cairo, Khartoum)</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Meet
 +
demand in growing urban areas for domestic and industrial use</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Secure
 +
supply of water and energy for neighbors, institutions and
 +
businesses</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="27" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">8</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Rural
 +
communities</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Sufficient
 +
and steady water supply subsistence economies and decent
 +
livelihoods</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Sufficient
 +
and steady energy supply for subsistence economies and decent
 +
livelihoods</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="184" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">9</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Nile
 +
Basin Initiative</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">NBI
 +
aims in evening the access and use of water resources for all
 +
riparian countries</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">NBI
 +
promotes integrated management, sustainable development, and
 +
harmonious utilization of the water resources of the Basin, as
 +
well as their conservation and protection for the benefit of
 +
present and future generations. Its duties depend on financial
 +
donors, the World Bank being an important one.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="54" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">10</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">World
 +
Bank</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">It
 +
won't provide funding for water-quantity-related projects in upper
 +
riparian countries unless lower ones are in fully agreement</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">***</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="86" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">11</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Humanitarian
 +
organizations (UN, NGOs)</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">UN
 +
aims in communities to have sufficient water for decent
 +
subsistence.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Water
 +
access and food security in civil-war-affected South Sudan is a
 +
major concern.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="43" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">12</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Environmental
 +
organizations (RAMSAR Committee, etc.)</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Concerns
 +
about water-related developments in the Sudd, South Sudan</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">The
 +
environment should be considered within the &quot;nexus&quot;.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="132" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">13</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Energy
 +
companies</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Hydropower
 +
companies are interest in preserve monthly and annual river flows</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">All
 +
energy-related companies have interests in the new dynamics
 +
introduced in the region because of GERD and other hydropower
 +
facilities in agenda in Ethiopia, as well as armed conflicts in
 +
oil areas in Sudan and South Sudan</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="37" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">14</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Water
 +
Utilities</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Meet
 +
demand in growing urban areas for domestic and industrial use.
 +
Make a profit</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">***</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td width="10%" height="72" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western" align="center"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">15</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="20%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Import/export-linked
 +
countries</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="35%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
<td width="34%" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #00000a; border-left: none; border-right: none; padding: 0in">
 +
<p class="western"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times, serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">Production
 +
of export goods requires energy and water. Import opportunities
 +
are related to socio-economic development of communities.</font></font></font></p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</table>
 
|Topic Tags=
 
|Topic Tags=
 
|External Links=
 
|External Links=

Revision as of 15:51, 20 December 2015

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Case Description
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Geolocation: 12° 51' 46.1052", 30° 13' 3.4896"
Total Population 156156,000,000 millionmillion
Total Area 20000002,000,000 km²
772,200 mi² km2
Climate Descriptors Arid/desert (Köppen B-type), Monsoon
Predominent Land Use Descriptors agricultural- cropland and pasture, conservation lands, urban- high density
Important Uses of Water Agriculture or Irrigation, Domestic/Urban Supply, Hydropower Generation, Other Ecological Services

Summary

Natural, Historic, Economic, Regional, and Political Framework

Overview

This research is developed in the Eastern Nile Basin (ENB), Africa, where several aspects raise concerns in the international community and local stakeholders in terms of water resources availability and scenarios of potential water crisis. Population increase and climate change are often flagged as major concerns, but unfortunately not the only ones that need to be addressed. One way of understanding the water situation in the region is through the five indicators on water-quantity-related risks developed by the (Gassert, Reig, Luo, & Maddocks, 2013) (available at www.wri.org). These five indicators range from 1 to 5 (low to high risk), and countries and regions rank differently depending on the indicator. For example, Eritrea is at very high risk in terms of inter-annual variability, Ethiopia and Sudan are at high risk regarding seasonal variability and flood occurrence, while Egypt is at high risk before drought severity. Other relevant figures help depict the region in terms of socio-economic development and most of them hit the red zone of any colorful visualization. According to United Nations estimates, the total population in the Eastern Nile (EN) countries1 increased by 50% between 2000 and 2015, overpassing 487 million. Yet, EN countries are not at the best in terms of welfare and stability. Most of them are low-income countries according to the World Bank, show the lowest values for Human Development Index based on United Nations’ classification, and stability and social pressures pose these countries under the ‘alert’ flag according to the Fragile State Index by the Fund for Peace. Climate change projections are not clear in the Nile Basin, as they are consistent in terms of rising temperatures, but not in terms of rainfall. North Africa might become hotter and drier, with an increase in the evaporation component of the hydrologic budget (Conway, 2005; Islam & Susskind, 2015), and current trends in economic development and land use patterns might increase the pressure on freshwater (Islam & Susskind, 2015). One clear example of this is the crop intensification practices (MWRI, 2014) and the land reclamation program in Egypt (FAO-AQUASTAT, 2015). “Water is clearly a major factor in socio-economic recovery and development in Africa. The continent appears to be blessed with substantial rainfall and water resources. Yet, it has severe and complex natural and man-made problems that constrain the exploitation and proper development of its water resources potential” (UN Water/Africa, N.D.).

Both climate and context realities pictured by the above-mentioned indicators are unlikely to step back in the short-term. However, the water crisis, whether current or incoming, needs to be addressed now under a multidimensional approach. The list of stakeholders involved in the EN water issues is extensive, as water cuts through most elements of human life. However, it is possible to identify the major actors for each of the two main issues addressed through this research. Following are presented the issues with a description, the major variables involved from the Natural, Societal, and Political Domains (NSPD), and major associated stakeholders (SH). Both issues involve macro- and micro-level interventions, that can be addressed at different pace. However, I believe a holistic approach beyond mere jurisdictional boundaries is at best.

1 Considering Sudan and South Sudan together

Stakeholders Matrix

Stakeholders

Issues

1) Water quantity

2) Water-Food-Energy nexus

NSPD variables

Number

Description

water quantity, ecosystems, governance

assets, governance, values and norms

1

Egypt-National Government

The country relies on the Main Nile River, coming from Sudan. It wants to keep water share at Aswan High Dam. Signed Declaration of Principles with main aim of not causing "significant damage" on riparians' water use

The country needs water for energy production and irrigation. Most of water is used in agriculture sector to grow food for increasing population.

2

Ethiopia-National Government

It claims having the right to develop. This country is the source of the Blue Nile, main tributary for the Main Nile

The country wants to harness its hydropower potential and so boost industrialization to escape poverty. It is building the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) with capacity for 6000 MW

3

Sudan-National Government

The country wants to make use of its water share. This would be possible if GERD is finished as Sudan would have sufficient and timely water stored upstream

Water is needed to foster development of irrigation schemes mostly for food production

4

South Sudan-National Government

The new country demands participation in the water share agreed by former Sudan and Egypt. However, current civil war offsets this demand. Current priority is safe water access for displaced population

It wants to develop agriculture for internal demand. It also has potential to become the "bread basket" of North Africa and Middle East.

5

China-National Government

***

China is interested in the region. It offers hydropower expertise and provide financial assistance. In returns, it has access to natural resources (oil and minerals).

6

Irrigation districts/schemes

Farmers in Egypt rely on water diverted at Aswan High Dam. Sudanese farmers rely on both, diversion and seasonal floods. Both rely on surface water, mostly from the Blue Nile River

Water is used for growing food for both economic activity and subsistence.

7

Big cities (Cairo, Khartoum)

Meet demand in growing urban areas for domestic and industrial use

Secure supply of water and energy for neighbors, institutions and businesses

8

Rural communities

Sufficient and steady water supply subsistence economies and decent livelihoods

Sufficient and steady energy supply for subsistence economies and decent livelihoods

9

Nile Basin Initiative

NBI aims in evening the access and use of water resources for all riparian countries

NBI promotes integrated management, sustainable development, and harmonious utilization of the water resources of the Basin, as well as their conservation and protection for the benefit of present and future generations. Its duties depend on financial donors, the World Bank being an important one.

10

World Bank

It won't provide funding for water-quantity-related projects in upper riparian countries unless lower ones are in fully agreement

***

11

Humanitarian organizations (UN, NGOs)

UN aims in communities to have sufficient water for decent subsistence.

Water access and food security in civil-war-affected South Sudan is a major concern.

12

Environmental organizations (RAMSAR Committee, etc.)

Concerns about water-related developments in the Sudd, South Sudan

The environment should be considered within the "nexus".

13

Energy companies

Hydropower companies are interest in preserve monthly and annual river flows

All energy-related companies have interests in the new dynamics introduced in the region because of GERD and other hydropower facilities in agenda in Ethiopia, as well as armed conflicts in oil areas in Sudan and South Sudan

14

Water Utilities

Meet demand in growing urban areas for domestic and industrial use. Make a profit

***

15

Import/export-linked countries

 

Production of export goods requires energy and water. Import opportunities are related to socio-economic development of communities.

Issues and Stakeholders

Water quantity. Nature or management issues?

NSPD: Water Quantity, Ecosystems, Governance
Stakeholder Types: Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Supranational union, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest

It is claimed North Africa ran out of renewable freshwater decades ago, meaning the available water resources in the region are insufficient to meet food requirements (Qadir, Sharma, Bruggeman, Choukr-Allah, & Karajeh, 2007). Meanwhile, the total annual rainfall in the entire Nile Basin averages 2,000 BCM (Awulachew, 2012; Islam & Susskind, 2015), and less than 5% makes it to Lake Nasser. There is a supply-demand gap in the region, likely as result of naturally uneven distribution of the water (hydrologic problem) combined with a water resources mismanagement (human problem).

Some stakeholders linked to this issue are: local, state/province, and national governments within EN basin (Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan); multi-national institutions (UN, World Bank, Nile Basin Initiative, RAMSAR Committee, etc.) development/humanitarian NGOs (Water.org, Oxfam, etc.), irrigation districts/schemes, water utilities, energy companies.

Water for what? The water-food-energy nexus.

NSPD: Water Quantity, Governance, Assets, Values and Norms
Stakeholder Types: Sovereign state/national/federal government, Local Government, Supranational union, Development/humanitarian interest, Environmental interest, Industry/Corporate Interest

The gap in water supply and demand is far from encapsulated. Quite the opposite, it is complexly intertwined with other social, political, and economical aspects. More population implies more drinking water and more food as well; food whose production demands more water. Energy access is also a constraint in the region, particularly in the Sub-Saharan countries where 70% of people lack of access to reliable energy sources. Food and energy security turn out to be intimately related to water (water-food-energy nexus) when addressing the question of water either for irrigation and food production to fight poverty, or power generation to boost industrialization.

Some of the stakeholders linked to this issue are: national governments within EN basin (Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan); import/export-linked foreign countries (EU, USA, China); multi-national institutions (UN, World Bank, Nile Basin Initiative, RAMSAR Committee, World Trade Organization) development/humanitarian NGOs (Water.org, Oxfam), corporate interests (irrigation districts/schemes, energy companies, oil-and-gas companies)


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Key Questions

Integration across Sectors: How can consultation and cooperation among stakeholders and development partners be better facilitated/managed/fostered?

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