Difference between revisions of "Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)"
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{{Water Feature | {{Water Feature | ||
| − | |Type= | + | |Type=watershed or basin |
| − | |Length= | + | |isabasin=yes |
| − | |Area= | + | |Average Basin Discharge=532 |
| + | |Riparian Basin={{Riparian in Basin|Turkey|||||Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)}}{{Riparian in Basin|Iraq|||||Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)}}{{Riparian in Basin|Syria|||||Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)}}{{Riparian in Basin|Iran|||||Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)}} | ||
| + | |Located in Riparian= | ||
| + | |issurface= | ||
| + | |Water Feature Area= | ||
| + | |Average Discharge= | ||
| + | |Maximum Discharge= | ||
| + | |Minimum Discharge= | ||
| + | |Water Feature Length= | ||
| + | |Within Basin= | ||
| + | |Aquifer Description= | ||
| + | |Recharge Rate= | ||
| + | |Recharge Rate Low= | ||
| + | |Recharge Rate High= | ||
| + | |Recharge Zone Area= | ||
| + | |Groundwater Resource Volume= | ||
| + | |Within System= | ||
| + | |Overview=The Tigris Basin catchment area in the Southeast of Turkey is one of the country’s 26 river basins<ref name="Girgin et al 2005>Girgin, S., Akyurek, Z., and Usul, N. Determination of Sub-Basins in Turkey Using GIS Techniques, Managing Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts: Engineering, Ecological, and Economic Challenges. Proceedings of Watershed 2005. American Society of Civil Engineers. Available at http://www.ascelibrary.org. Accessed April 2012. </ref> Turkey contains 20% of the basin. Syria, Iraq, and Iran lie within this basin, while only Syria and Iraq lie on the Tigris downstream of Turkey. Average annual basin discharge is 16,800 MCM at Cizre gauging station <ref group="note">Note on Terminology: in the prevailing literature on regional waterways, the Tigris Basin and the Euphrates basin are often discussed as one single unit, the Tigris-Euphrates Basin. This expanded basin concept covers 879,970 km<sup>2</sup> and lies in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan (FAO). Consideration of this concept is useful for several reasons. First, the Tigris and Euphrates waterways join in Iraq before reaching the ocean, and so can technically be considered one hydrological unit. Second, because Turkey, Iraq, and Syria are riparian to both the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, political discussions are often centered around this large basin unit. In this study, however, the Tigris Basin is treated as an independent hydrological unit, of which the Turkish section is the main focus. </ref> (Girgin et. al., 1). While its land area in Turkey is rather small (56,614 km<sup>2</sup>), the Tigris Basin represents about 20% of the area entire basin. While the entire Tigris river is about 1850 km long, only about 400 km lie within Turkey itself , while the rest flows over the border between Syria and Turkey and then through Iraq, joining with the Euphrates river before draining into the Shatt al-Arab waterway. Iran, which also holds part of the basin, contributes tributaries to this waterway (FAO). | ||
|Description= | |Description= | ||
| + | [[File:Nicoll tigris fig3.jpg | Figure 1: Watershed in the Eastern Anatolian Plateau]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Hydrology == | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Tigris River begins in the highlands of the Taurus mountains, where annual precipitation in the form of rain and snow often exceeds 1,000 mm <ref name="Beaumont 1998 p169"> Beaumont, Peter. (1998). “Restructuring of Water Usage in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: The Impact of Modern Water Management Policies”, in Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.p 169 </ref>. Because most of the Tigris basin is semi-arid (Nicoll), snowmelt and precipitation provide a great deal of the river’s flow in the spring and summer. While most precipitation occurs between October and April <ref name="Beaumont 1998 p169" />, snowmelt and stream flow peak between March and May of each year (FAO), creating seasonal floods. Low water season is typically from July to December. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Turkey contributes a large amount of water to the Tigris basin; most of this is through the Tigris River itself, while some is through tributaries that drain into the river downstream in Iraq. It is estimated that Turkey generates about 32% of the Tigris River’s total stream flow as the river flows into Iraq. Taking into account the Greater Zab tributary, which flows from the Tigris basin in Turkey and joins the Tigris in Iraq, Turkey’s total contribution is estimated to be between 44% (Beaumont, 170) and 51% (FAO) of the river’s maximum flow. In terms of gross annual flow out of Turkey’s Tigris Basin, estimates include 21.3 km<sup>3</sup> (Altinbilek, citing Akbulut et. al, 2009) and 28.1 km<sup>3</sup> (FAO). The differences in these estimates are in part due to the large variability in yearly flows. (During the 1960s, annual flow of the Tigris River at the Turkish border varied between the extremes of 7,891 MCM and 34,340 MCM <ref name="Beaumont 1998 p170"> Beaumont, Peter. (1998). “Restructuring of Water Usage in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: The Impact of Modern Water Management Policies”, in Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. p 170 </ref>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Seismology== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Southeastern Turkey is one of the most seismically active places in the world. The Tigris-Euphrates Basin in Turkey lies within two major fault zones: the North Anatolian and the East Anatolian zones, both of which have been known to produce large earthquakes. There have been over 344 earthquakes measured in the Tigris-Euphrates basin that surpass 4.0 on the Richter scale, including 2 in the 20th century that exceeded a 7.0. Dams in the region can be susceptible to structural damage by such seismic events. The Turkish Association for Dam Safety recently conducted a study of 42 dams in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin in Turkey and found 15 dams at “moderate” hazard for damage due to earthquakes, 3 with a “high” hazard rating, and two with an “extreme” hazard rating. <ref name ="Tonsun 2008" > Tonsun, Hasan. (2008). “Evaluating Earthquake Safety for Large Dams in Southeast Turkey”, Hydro Review Worldwide. 16:4. accessed via HydroWorld.com. Available at http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/357756/articles/hydro-review-worldwide/volume-16/issue-4/articles/technical/evaluating-earthquake-safety-for-large-dams-in-southeast-turkey.html. Accessed May 2012.</ref> When discussing the potential effects of the building of large dams in the region, the danger for failure due to seismic activity must be taken into account. | ||
| + | |External Links= | ||
| + | |Case Review={{Case Review Boxes | ||
| + | |Empty Section=No | ||
| + | |Clean Up Required=No | ||
| + | |Expand Section=No | ||
| + | |Add References=No | ||
| + | |Wikify=No | ||
| + | |connect to www=No | ||
| + | |Out of Date=No | ||
| + | |Disputed=No | ||
| + | |MPOV=No | ||
| + | |Mpov=No | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | |Area=57,614 | ||
}} | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 10:25, 9 April 2013
Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey) Facts
Average Basin Discharge: 532532 m³/s
18,787.403 cfs
16.788 km³/y m3/s
Type:watershed or basin
Includes Riparians: Turkey; Iraq; Syria; Iran;
view/browse all article properties
The Tigris Basin catchment area in the Southeast of Turkey is one of the country’s 26 river basins[1] Turkey contains 20% of the basin. Syria, Iraq, and Iran lie within this basin, while only Syria and Iraq lie on the Tigris downstream of Turkey. Average annual basin discharge is 16,800 MCM at Cizre gauging station [note 1] (Girgin et. al., 1). While its land area in Turkey is rather small (56,614 km2), the Tigris Basin represents about 20% of the area entire basin. While the entire Tigris river is about 1850 km long, only about 400 km lie within Turkey itself , while the rest flows over the border between Syria and Turkey and then through Iraq, joining with the Euphrates river before draining into the Shatt al-Arab waterway. Iran, which also holds part of the basin, contributes tributaries to this waterway (FAO).
Contents
Hydrology
The Tigris River begins in the highlands of the Taurus mountains, where annual precipitation in the form of rain and snow often exceeds 1,000 mm [2]. Because most of the Tigris basin is semi-arid (Nicoll), snowmelt and precipitation provide a great deal of the river’s flow in the spring and summer. While most precipitation occurs between October and April [2], snowmelt and stream flow peak between March and May of each year (FAO), creating seasonal floods. Low water season is typically from July to December.
Turkey contributes a large amount of water to the Tigris basin; most of this is through the Tigris River itself, while some is through tributaries that drain into the river downstream in Iraq. It is estimated that Turkey generates about 32% of the Tigris River’s total stream flow as the river flows into Iraq. Taking into account the Greater Zab tributary, which flows from the Tigris basin in Turkey and joins the Tigris in Iraq, Turkey’s total contribution is estimated to be between 44% (Beaumont, 170) and 51% (FAO) of the river’s maximum flow. In terms of gross annual flow out of Turkey’s Tigris Basin, estimates include 21.3 km3 (Altinbilek, citing Akbulut et. al, 2009) and 28.1 km3 (FAO). The differences in these estimates are in part due to the large variability in yearly flows. (During the 1960s, annual flow of the Tigris River at the Turkish border varied between the extremes of 7,891 MCM and 34,340 MCM [3].
Seismology
Southeastern Turkey is one of the most seismically active places in the world. The Tigris-Euphrates Basin in Turkey lies within two major fault zones: the North Anatolian and the East Anatolian zones, both of which have been known to produce large earthquakes. There have been over 344 earthquakes measured in the Tigris-Euphrates basin that surpass 4.0 on the Richter scale, including 2 in the 20th century that exceeded a 7.0. Dams in the region can be susceptible to structural damage by such seismic events. The Turkish Association for Dam Safety recently conducted a study of 42 dams in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin in Turkey and found 15 dams at “moderate” hazard for damage due to earthquakes, 3 with a “high” hazard rating, and two with an “extreme” hazard rating. [4] When discussing the potential effects of the building of large dams in the region, the danger for failure due to seismic activity must be taken into account.
Case Studies linked to Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)
Articles linked to Upper Tigris Basin (Turkey)
| Riparians | Water Features |
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Located in this basin- Syria
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Facts about Included Riparians
| Riparian | Population in Basin | Area within Basin in sq. km | Irrigated Lands within Basin in sq km | Average Discharge in cubic m per second |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syria | ||||
| Turkey | ||||
| Iran | ||||
| Iraq |
- ^ Note on Terminology: in the prevailing literature on regional waterways, the Tigris Basin and the Euphrates basin are often discussed as one single unit, the Tigris-Euphrates Basin. This expanded basin concept covers 879,970 km2 and lies in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan (FAO). Consideration of this concept is useful for several reasons. First, the Tigris and Euphrates waterways join in Iraq before reaching the ocean, and so can technically be considered one hydrological unit. Second, because Turkey, Iraq, and Syria are riparian to both the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, political discussions are often centered around this large basin unit. In this study, however, the Tigris Basin is treated as an independent hydrological unit, of which the Turkish section is the main focus.
- ^ Girgin, S., Akyurek, Z., and Usul, N. Determination of Sub-Basins in Turkey Using GIS Techniques, Managing Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts: Engineering, Ecological, and Economic Challenges. Proceedings of Watershed 2005. American Society of Civil Engineers. Available at http://www.ascelibrary.org. Accessed April 2012.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Beaumont, Peter. (1998). “Restructuring of Water Usage in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: The Impact of Modern Water Management Policies”, in Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.p 169
- ^ Beaumont, Peter. (1998). “Restructuring of Water Usage in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: The Impact of Modern Water Management Policies”, in Transformations of Middle Eastern Natural Environments, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. p 170
- ^ Tonsun, Hasan. (2008). “Evaluating Earthquake Safety for Large Dams in Southeast Turkey”, Hydro Review Worldwide. 16:4. accessed via HydroWorld.com. Available at http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/357756/articles/hydro-review-worldwide/volume-16/issue-4/articles/technical/evaluating-earthquake-safety-for-large-dams-in-southeast-turkey.html. Accessed May 2012.
