View source for Forming Groundwater Sustainability Agencies for Sonoma County

{{Case Study
|Water Use=Agriculture or Irrigation, Domestic/Urban Supply
|Land Use=agricultural- cropland and pasture, agricultural- confined livestock operations, conservation lands, forest land, urban
|Climate=Humid mid-latitude (Köppen C-type); Dry-summer
|Population=.502
|Area=4580
|Geolocation=38.5779555, -122.9888319
|Issues={{Issue
|Issue=Groundwater Supply
|Issue Description=Securing a steady supply of clean groundwater is in the interest of many types of stakeholders in Sonoma County sub-basins.

'''Affordable housing advocates:''' ensure water supply is adequate to provide for housing<br />
'''Agricultural interests:''' provide water for agricultural operations to support the local economy<br />
'''Community or organized citizens:''' provide water for the economy and citizens<br />
'''Environmental non-governmental organizations:''' provide water for people and ecosystems, fish and wildlife; provide opportunity for groundwater recharge<br />
'''Existing agencies:''' continue to manage water effectively and provide quality water supply for customers<br />
'''GSA-eligible agencies:''' Most rely on groundwater for peak supply and emergencies. One city, Rohnert Park relies on groundwater as part of its regular supply.<br />
'''Land use non-governmental organizations:''' connect land use planning to water resources planning to protect recharge areas and open space and concentrating housing in developed areas<br />
'''Local government:''' manage the water supply to provide water for citizens and the economy<br />
'''Public utilities/regulated water companies''': private water companies that draw water from wells and provide water to urban customers want to continue to provide water supply for customers<br />
'''Public water systems:''' provide water to customers and ensure water quality is upheld<br />
'''Rural residential well owners:''' have access to quality, affordable drinking water in wells<br />
'''Tribal government:''' Lytton Rancheria and Graton Rancheria rely on groundwater for their rancheria and casino operations. The Dry Creek Tribe owns land in the Petaluma Valley groundwater basin; however, the land is not currently in trust.
|NSPD=Water Quantity; Water Quality; Ecosystems; Governance; Assets
|Stakeholder Type=Local Government, Non-legislative governmental agency, Environmental interest, Industry/Corporate Interest, Community or organized citizens
}}
|Key Questions={{Key Question
|Subject=Integration across Sectors
|Key Question - Industries=How can consultation and cooperation among stakeholders and development partners be better facilitated/managed/fostered?
|Key Question Description='''Key Tools and Frameworks'''
The key tools that were essential to success in this process were the stakeholder issue assessment, stakeholder identification, collaborative problem solving, interest-based negotiation, professional mediation, and transparency.

The stakeholder issue assessment was critical for defining the issues and concerns, identifying stakeholders to represent the key interests, and designing a process that was responsive to political dynamics and the task at hand. The impartial mediation and facilitation team was able to make recommendations on the process for going forward.

Collaborative problem solving framework including interest-based negotiation were critical to this process. The process design focused on educating participants about the law and its requirements, and agencies informing one another about their stakeholders' interests. Understanding each other's’ interests was necessary so participants could craft solutions that were responsive to the range of interests engaged in the process. The participants used interest-based negotiation to identify and evaluate solutions.

Professional mediators played an instrumental role in bringing agency stakeholders together and assisting with negotiations. The mediators created a process structure in which the parties were able to engage productively and consider outcomes that considered all the perspectives being shared. Amongst other outcomes, this resulted in Advisory Boards for each GSA where agricultural, rural, and environmental interests are represented and can oversee the process of achieving long-run groundwater sustainability. 

Transparency was another important element of success. The mediators also worked to engage the broader public along the way, scheduling groundwater stakeholder forum meetings for the public and preparing communication materials on the web site and for work group members to share with constituents. The communication tools helped to engage the broader community, raising awareness and creating widespread support. All meetings were open to the public. A website ([http://sonomacountygroundwater.org/ sonomacountygroundwater.org]) continues to document ongoing progress by each GSA and provides notifications about prior and upcoming meetings.
}}
|Water Feature={{Link Water Feature
|Water Feature=Sonoma Valley Groundwater Subbasin
}}{{Link Water Feature
|Water Feature=Petaluma Valley Groundwater Subbasin
}}{{Link Water Feature
|Water Feature=Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Subbasin
}}{{Link Water Feature
|Water Feature=Russian River
}}{{Link Water Feature
|Water Feature=Sonoma Creek
}}
|Riparian={{Link Riparian
|Riparian=California (U.S.)
}}
|Water Project=
|Agreement=
|REP Framework=== History of the California Groundwater Supply ==
=== Regional Outline ===
==== Geography ====
Sonoma County lies in the North Coast Ranges of California, northwest of the San Francisco Bay Area region.
[[File:CASonoma.png|400px|thumbnail|right|California Water Projects with Sonoma County Overlay, California Water Plan]]

==== Economy and Groundwater ====
California is the most populous state in the country with almost 40 million residents and has the single largest state economy with a GDP of 2.67 trillion USD. This means it makes up 14.1% of US GDP, according to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA 2017). Access to a water supply has been essential to the functioning of many of key state industries as well as its populous urban centers. California also has an extremely variable climate: dry years were common throughout the 20th century and could extend into a period of several years, such as the eight-year drought of Water Years (WY) 1984 to 1991 (DWR 2015; Chap. 3). During these extended dry periods, state agencies restricted water allocations to urban and agricultural water contractors and were forced to rely heavily on groundwater access, reservoir storage, and water sharing schemes.

California ranks as the leading agricultural state in the United States in terms of farm-level sales. In 2012, California’s farm-level sales totaled nearly $45 billion and accounted for 11% of total U.S. agricultural sales (Johnson & Cody 2015). Given frequent drought conditions in California, there has been much attention on the use of water to grow agricultural crops in the state. Depending on the data source, irrigated agriculture accounts for roughly 40% to 80% of total water supplies (Johnson & Cody 2015). Such discrepancies are largely based on different survey methods and assumptions, including the baseline amount of water estimated for use (e.g., what constitutes “available” supplies). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates water use for agricultural irrigation in California at 25.8 million acre-feet (MAF), accounting for 61% of USGS’s estimates of total withdrawals for the state (Maupin et al. 2014).
	
USDA’s 2013 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey reports that, nationally, California has the largest number of irrigated farmed acres compared to other states and accounts for about one-fourth of total applied acre-feet of irrigated water in the United States. Of the reported 7.9 million irrigated acres in California, nearly 4 million acres were irrigated with groundwater from wells and about 1.0 million acres were irrigated with on-farm surface water supplies (USDA 2013). Water use per acre in California is also high compared to other states averaging 3.1 acre-feet per acre, nearly twice the national average (1.6 acre-feet per acre) in 2013 (USDA 2013). Available data for that year indicates, of total irrigated acres harvested in California, about 31% of irrigated acres were land in orchards and 18% were land in vegetables (USDA 2013). Another 46% of irrigated acres harvested were land in alfalfa, hay, pastureland, rice, corn, and cotton (USDA 2013).

==== Climate and Groundwater ====
Drought periods are a trend which will increase in frequency and severity as a result of anthropogenic climate change: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that precipitation events, especially snowfall, in the southwestern United States will become less frequent or productive in the future (Kunkel et al. 2013). These changes in surface water availability may further increase the role of groundwater in California’s future water budget: historically, California has relied on groundwater to supplement other backstops like reservoirs. Therefore, the California Water Plan emphasizes that the protection of groundwater aquifers and proper management of contaminated aquifers is critical to ensure that this resource can maintain its multiple beneficial uses (California Water Plan 2013).

The California Department of Public Health estimates that 85 percent of California’s community water systems serve more than 30 million people who rely on groundwater for a portion of their drinking water supply (California Water Boards 2013; 7). Because of significant current and future reliance on groundwater in some regions of California, contamination or overdraft of groundwater aquifers has far-reaching consequences for municipal and agricultural water supplies. Sonoma County is a groundwater-dependent area, regularly drawing more than 70 percent of its water from wells to meet demand for 260 million gallons a day, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Agriculture consumes nearly 150 million gallons, about 60 percent of the total. California’s reliance on groundwater increases during times of drought, offsetting surface water demand from municipal, agricultural, and industrial sources. 

A 2014 Stanford "Water in the West" study summarizes the often-overlooked impacts of groundwater overdraft. Direct impacts include a “reduced water supply due to aquifer depletion or groundwater contamination, increased groundwater pumping costs, and the costs of well replacement or deepening” (Moran et al. 2014). Less obvious are the indirect consequences of groundwater overdraft, which include “land subsidence and infrastructure damage, harm to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and the economic losses from a more unreliable water supply for California” (Moran et al. 2014). In coastal groundwater basins, overdraft of aquifers can result in seawater being drawn in. This saltwater intrusion contaminates the water supply and requires expensive remediation. Groundwater overdraft can also lead to diminished surface water flow (affecting ecosystem services), degraded water quality and attendant health problems, and increased food prices.

[[File:sal2.png|300px|thumbnail|right|10-Year Change in Groundwater Level (2004-2014)|]]

Although there is little data available on total damages, costs associated with overdraft mount in a variety of ways, some more obvious and immediate than others. Accessing deeper and deeper aquifers is costly because drilling and pumping groundwater are expensive. The electricity needed to run pumps is a significant and obvious expense: in 2014, the statewide drought is estimated to have cost the agricultural industry $454 million in additional pumping costs alone (Moran et al. 2014). Remediation of water quality and land subsidence is an endeavor where costs accumulate over time. Local water agencies must undertake dramatic measures to stem saltwater intrusion into aquifers, like running pipes from distant surface water sources to inject into the ground. Land is subsiding at more than a foot a year in some parts of the state as a result of groundwater overdraft and aquifer compaction. In some California valleys like San Joaquin, well over a billion dollars of associated damages have accumulated over several decades as land buckles under infrastructure and buildings (Moran et al. 2014). Rural landowners and small-scale farmers can be disproportionately affected by overdraft as they have less financial capital to dig new or deeper wells (Richtel 2015). 

=== Politics and Governance ===
==== Groundwater Management Act ====
Since the early 1990s, existing local agencies have developed, implemented, and updated more than 125 [http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/groundwater_management/GWM_Plans_inCA.cfm Groundwater Management Plans (GWMP)] using the systematic procedure provided by the Groundwater Management Act, Sections 10750‐10755 of the California Water Code (commonly referred to as AB 3030). AB 3030 allowed certain defined existing local agencies to develop a groundwater management plan in groundwater basins defined in California Department of Water Resources (DWR) [http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/bulletin118/index.cfm Bulletin 118].

The twelve potential components of a Groundwater Management Plan, as listed in Water Code Section 10753.8, include:
* Control of seawater intrusion. 
* Identification and management of wellhead protection areas and recharge areas. 
* Regulation of the migration of contaminated groundwater. 
* Administration of a well abandonment and well destruction program. 
* Mitigation of conditions of overdraft. 
* Replacement of groundwater extracted by water producers. 
* Monitoring of groundwater levels and storage. 
* Facilitating conjunctive use operations. 
* Identification of well construction policies. 
* Construction and operation by the local agency of groundwater contamination cleanup, recharge, storage, conservation, water recycling, and extraction projects. 
* Development of relationships with state and federal regulatory agencies.	 
* Review of land use plans and coordination with land use planning agencies to assess activities which create a reasonable risk of groundwater contamination. 
([http://www.water.ca.gov/urbanwatermanagement/2010uwmps/CA%20Water%20Service%20Co%20-%20Salinas/Appendix%20H%20-%20GWMP.pdf Monterey County GWMP 2006]; 1)

However, under the previous law (AB3030), no new level of government is formed and action by the agency is voluntary, not mandatory. Senate Bill 1938 enhanced the process slightly and added technical components that are required in each plan in order to be eligible for groundwater related DWR grant funding. 

[http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/docs/2011_AB359_Summary_02192014.pdf Assembly Bill 359], signed into Water Code 2011, added further technical components and modified several groundwater management plan adoption procedures. GWMPs were not required to be submitted to the California DWR under the Groundwater Management Act. AB 359 placed new requirements on agencies concerning the submittal of GWMP documents and on DWR to provide public access to this information. GWMPs may still be developed in low-priority basins as they are not subject to the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). 

==== Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (2014) ====
California’s historic groundwater management legislation, passed in 2014 after the driest three-year period recorded in state history, requires that groundwater be managed locally to ensure a sustainable resource well into the future. This legislation, a package of three bills (AB 1739, SB 1168, and SB 1319) known as the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), prioritizes groundwater basins in significant overdraft to move forward first. SGMA requires that such areas first identify or form an agency or group of agencies to oversee groundwater management, then develop a plan to to halt overdraft and bring basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge by 2020 or 2022, depending on water supply condition. Beginning January 1, 2015, no Groundwater Management Plans can be adopted in medium- and high-priority basins in accordance with the SGMA. Existing GWMPs will be in effect until Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) are adopted in medium- and high-priority basins.

For the first time in California history, the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act provides local agencies with a framework for local, sustainable management of groundwater basins. The State of California has designated 127 basins in the state as high- or medium-priority based on population, irrigated acreage, public supply well distribution, and other variables. Prioritized basins, which includes the three Sonoma Valley sub-basins, must create groundwater sustainability plans by 2022. The California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 118 is a report that defines the basin boundaries.

Basins that must comply with SGMA have to meet several critical deadlines. A local agency, combination of local agencies, or county must establish a Groundwater Sustainability Agency (GSA) by June 30, 2017. Local agencies with water supply, water management, or land use responsibilities are eligible to form GSAs. A water corporation regulated by the Public Utilities Commission or a mutual water company may participate in a groundwater sustainability agency through a memorandum of agreement or other legal agreement. The GSA is responsible for developing and implementing a groundwater sustainability plan that considers all beneficial uses and users of groundwater in the basin.

A Groundwater Sustainability Agency must cover all portions of the basin. The county government is responsible for representing the unincorporated areas. Each GSA-eligible agency could form its own GSA; however, the California Department of Water Resources will not recognize GSAs with overlapping areas. GSAs with overlap must eliminate overlap to be recognized by the state. If more than one GSA is formed per basin, they require a coordination agreement. 

Following formation, GSAs must develop a groundwater sustainability plan with measurable objectives and milestones that ensure sustainability. A priority basin must have a single plan or multiple coordinated plans. GSAs of basins in critical condition must develop plans by Jan. 31, 2020. Priority basins that are not in critical condition have until Jan. 31, 2022, to develop plans. Once their plan is developed, GSAs must conduct a public hearing on them and submit annual reports.

GSAs have discretionary tools or authorities, established through the law, to conduct studies, register and monitor wells, require extraction reporting, regulate extractions, implement projects, assess fees to cover costs, and issue rules and regulations.

SGMA requires basins to achieve sustainability in 20 years. Sustainability is defined as avoiding undesirable results, including significant and unreasonable chronic lowering of groundwater levels, reduction of groundwater storage, seawater intrusion, degraded water quality, land subsidence, and depletion of interconnected surface waters. If a local agency is not managing the groundwater sustainably or fails to meet the stated deadlines, SGMA creates a state “backstop” by directing the State Water Resources Control Board to intervene to manage the basin until a local agency is able to do so.

== Background on Sonoma County Groundwater ==
Sonoma County has three priority basins subject to the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (CASGEM). This case study is focusing on the Santa Rosa Plan. Two other basins, the Petaluma Valley and the Sonoma Valley formed GSAs at the same time. All three basins developed a very similar structure, with a governing board made up of representatives of GSA-eligible entities and an advisory board made up of the key interests in the basin. This case study focuses on the conditions, process, and agreements in the Santa Rosa Plain.

[[File:SonomaBasins.png|400px|thumbnail|right|SGMA Basin Boundary Map|]]

=== Existing Management Programs ===
Prior to SGMA, the Santa Rosa Plain has had a groundwater management program with a monitoring program, stakeholder involvement, and other components to manage groundwater in different stages of implementation. The Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA) is the lead agency for implementing this program. The Santa Rosa Plain has a Basin Advisory Panel that develops consensus-based recommendations to implement the groundwater program effectively. 

=== Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater ===
The Santa Rosa Plain Watershed Plan Area is located within Sonoma County, California, north of San Francisco. The Santa Rosa Plain Watershed contains the low-lying Santa Rosa Plain groundwater subbasin, and portions of other subbasins, surrounded by upland areas that drain into the Santa Rosa Plain groundwater subbasin. The Plan Area’s population centers include the cities of Santa Rosa, Rohnert Park, Cotati, Sebastopol, and the Town of Windsor. 

The Santa Rosa Plain Watershed is a distinctive, ecologically and economically important hydrologic area of Northern California. The watershed encompasses the largest urban area in the north coast region of California, world-class agricultural lands, internationally recognized wetlands, ecosystems, and other natural and recreational resources. Many of its finest attributes and assets are directly related to its water resources, which includes strong reliance on groundwater to meet rural domestic, agricultural, and urban demands. Trends in water use, land use, population growth, and climate change indicate that the region’s water resources will come under increasing stress in the future, requiring careful and thoughtful monitoring and management. 

The Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Management Plan (Plan) was developed through the collaborative and cooperative effort of a broadly based, 30- member Basin Advisory Panel. The Plan is intended to inform and guide local decisions about groundwater management in the Santa Rosa Plain Watershed. Its purpose is to proactively coordinate public and private groundwater management efforts and leverage funding opportunities to maintain a sustainable, locally-managed, high-quality groundwater resource for current and future users while sustaining natural groundwater and surface water functions. 

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has completed a study of the Santa Rosa Plain groundwater basin in collaboration with the Sonoma County Water Agency (Water Agency), the cities of Cotati, Rohnert Park, Santa Rosa and Sebastopol, the town of Windsor, the County of Sonoma, and the California American Water Company. As part of this study, the USGS developed an innovative computer model that fully integrates surface water and groundwater to better understand and manage the Santa Rosa Plain’s water resources. The study shows that increased groundwater pumping has caused an imbalance of groundwater inflow and outflow. This imbalance could affect wells and eventually will likely reduce flows in creeks and streams, leading to a potential for decline in habitat and ecosystems. Rural pumping for residences and agricultural water supply traditionally account for the majority of groundwater withdrawals, and both these categories increased over the 1976 - 2010 study period. 

Groundwater pumping by public water suppliers in the Plan area (e.g. Water Agency and cities) generally increased until 2001 but subsequently declined. The USGS model shows decreased groundwater levels in response to pumping, which reduced groundwater contribution to stream flow, groundwater uptake by plants (known as evapotranspiration), and groundwater storage. The model also simulates the effects of several potential climate change scenarios on surface water flows and groundwater supplies. The results indicate a potential for overall lowering of groundwater levels compared to historic baseline conditions; reduced groundwater contribution to stream flow (“baseflow”); reduced groundwater evapotranspiration in riparian areas and reduced groundwater flow to wetlands and springs; and more infiltration of surface water to groundwater, further reducing stream baseflow ([http://www.scwa.ca.gov/files/docs/projects/srgw/SRP_GMP_12-14.pdf Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Management Plan], 2014).

Water supply in the Santa Rosa Plain either comes from a municipality (a city or other water provider) or a privately owned well. The water supplied by municipalities is usually a combination of surface water from the Russian River and local groundwater. Russian River water delivered by the Sonoma County Water Agency to many of the municipalities in the Santa Rosa Plain is sourced from outside of the Basin. In total (including water from municipalities and water from privately owned wells), it is estimated that a little over half of the water used in the Santa Rosa Plain is local groundwater. The use of recycled water for agricultural and landscape irrigation has also become an important source of water supply and can offset the need to use potable water supplies.

Recent studies and computer modeling indicate groundwater pumping in the Santa Rosa Plain watershed has resulted in an imbalance (loss) between the total amount of water flowing into and out of the basin. From 1975 to 2010 the annual loss has been around 3,300 acre feet per year (an acre foot of water is about the volume of a football field filled with one foot of water) which represents only about four percent of the average total amount of groundwater flowing into the basin (recharge). However, because it is cumulative, the relatively small annual loss can lead to declines in groundwater levels and reduced water flows in creeks and streams. 

Many wells in the Santa Rosa Plain produce high quality water, but naturally occurring elements, such as iron, manganese, boron and arsenic, are widely variable in groundwater and can pose problems in some areas. There are also localized areas of organic contaminants from commercial and industrial activities. Areas in southern Santa Rosa Plain also show increasing chloride concentrations. 

== GSA Stakeholder Issue Assessment ==
The State of California passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014. The State has designated three groundwater basins in Sonoma County as medium priority: the Petaluma Valley, Santa Rosa Plain, and Sonoma Valley. The Act requires that medium and high priority basins form a groundwater sustainability agency by June 2017, develop a groundwater sustainability plan by 2022, and achieve sustainability by 2042. Under the Act, local agencies with water supply, water management or land use responsibilities are eligible to form a groundwater sustainability agency. To develop an effective process for groundwater sustainability agency formation in these three basins, the Sonoma County Water Agency contracted with the Consensus Building Institute to conduct a stakeholder assessment and make recommendations on a process for forming groundwater sustainability agencies in compliance with the Act. This section summarizes CBI’s interview findings and process recommendations for GSA formation.
 
[[File:sal3.png|400px|thumbnail|left|CASGEM Groundwater Basin Prioritization|]]

CBI conducted interviews with representatives of each GSA-eligible local agency and key organizations and interest groups. CBI also met with both the Santa Rosa Plain and the Sonoma Valley basin advisory panels in person to discuss panel members’ perspectives on implementing the Act. CBI also conducted an online survey related to these issues and received 36 confidential responses. For the survey, CBI invited basin advisory panel members from both the Sonoma Valley and Santa Rosa Plain, stakeholders interested in water issues, federal and state agencies with jurisdiction in the region, and Public Utilities Commission-regulated water companies to participate.
 
During this assessment, CBI met periodically with the County-Water Agency Working Group made up of staff from the County Administrator’s Office, Permit & Resource Management Department, County Counsel and the Sonoma County Water Agency to discuss preliminary insights and findings and identify subsequent steps in the assessment process. After completing most of the interviews and receiving the majority of survey respondents, CBI met with staff of the GSA-eligible entities to discuss the assessment’s preliminary findings and begin developing a process that would consider the responsibilities of the governing boards of the eligible entities and the many stakeholders in the county that are interested in groundwater issues. Process recommendations in this report reflect the outcome of those deliberations.

=== Assessment Findings ===
The following summarizes findings from interviews and surveys by the Consensus Building Institute.

Generally, interviewees were trying to understand and think about the best way to implement SGMA in the designated basins in the county. It is important to note that most respondents, both GSA-eligible agency staff and identified water stakeholders, articulated commitment to long-term sustainable groundwater management and the importance of groundwater-surface water interaction, conjunctive use, and integrated water resources management. One interviewee emphasized that cooperation across all the entities (water districts, cities and county) is essential for implementing SGMA successfully. 

Respondents discussed a range of issues for consideration in forming one or more groundwater sustainability agencies. Key themes were keeping decisions local within the basin, and making sure that different users’ interests are somehow balanced in groundwater management. Respondents respect local knowledge and control for water management and expressed concern about needing to participate in management decisions for other basins and about agencies or stakeholders from external jurisdictions making decisions about local groundwater. At the same time, some recognized a need for a regional perspective on water resources and land use; those with this perspective felt confident that regional considerations can blend with local decisions. Everyone acknowledged that the county government has an important role to represent the unincorporated areas of the County, in particular domestic well owners.  

==== Potential Voting Structure and Representation ====
Respondents offered the following considerations for the voting structure and representation. In order to provide for representative control of the GSA, they recommended balancing agricultural, urban, and rural residential interests with local government representation. They noted that some small cities like Sebastopol and Rohnert Park tend to rely more heavily on groundwater supply than other cities - the former relies on groundwater for the entirety of its water supply. However, every city is interested in maintaining a protected groundwater supply to use supplementally during peak use and emergency periods. 

In determining the composition of the GSA’s board of directors, stakeholders preferred to avoid using the quantity of water use as a determinant for representation because conserving water use should be a key value. Instead, they thought population should be a consideration in representation, as long as equity was also a consideration. Participants also thought allowing governing boards to appoint representatives (so a representative could be an elected official or an appointee) would be helpful as each entity could decide who represents it. However, interviewees also believed the GSA Board should not mix staff and elected officials. Interviewees preferred that GSA board consist of elected or appointees of electeds. Some would like opportunity for agriculture and private water companies (like Cal American Water) to have a role in governance, but there was also a concern that agricultural interests, if involved in GSA, might overwhelm cities’ interests.
 
Multiple interviewees suggested the Sonoma County Transportation Authority and the Sonoma County Water Agency’s Water Advisory Committee/Technical Advisory Committee as successful models to examine and possibly emulate. The latter was thought to be effective due to its policy arm that imposes limits and potential fees. In evaluating SCWA’s eligibility to become a GSA, interviewees noted that the agency has pumping facilities in the Santa Rosa Plain groundwater basin only, not in Petaluma Valley or Sonoma Valley. 

==== Potential Financial Structure ====
Agency interviewees were concerned about costs and funding SGMA implementation. While SGMA authorizes the groundwater sustainability agency to levy fees, the agency is still subject to Proposition 218, potentially limiting the ability to raise funds. [https://www.californiataxdata.com/pdf/Proposition218.pdf Proposition 218] is a California constitutional amendment passed in 1996 requiring voter approval prior to the imposition or increase of general taxes, assessment and other user fees by local government.

Entities that purchase water from the Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA) to supply their customer base (water contractors) expressed concern about paying for groundwater planning more than once – through water purchases that fund SCWA and through cost sharing agreements for groundwater planning. The cities express commitment to continuing to fund groundwater planning, but would like other groundwater users (specifically, in unincorporated areas) to contribute since substantial groundwater use occurs outside of city boundaries, and some cities only use groundwater for emergency and peak supply – it is a small part of their water budget.

==== County of Sonoma Role ====
Since the County is the default agency under SGMA, many interviewees believed that the County should take the lead in organizing SGMA implementation and seeking public input. The County has a stated commitment to sustainability and views groundwater as an element therein. The Board of Supervisors has the responsibility of representing both agriculture and domestic well owners in the unincorporated areas as well as city residents under SGMA. Some interviewees express concern about the County’s ability to represent agricultural interests in the unincorporated areas. Most interviewees support the County representing rural residential well owners. As agencies, the Cities and County work together on a number of issues, and due to differing interests, some efforts have created tensions. These tensions unrelated to groundwater sometimes affect attitudes about the role that the County should play in implementing SGMA.

==== Basin Advisory Panels and Public Input ====
Every respondent recognized the value that the existing basin advisory panels play in an advising on groundwater management. Interviewees express openness to relying on the basin advisory panels into the future in some capacity. Some interviewees strongly advocate that basin advisory panels continue because the panels have played a critical role for discussing and resolving groundwater management issues, reducing conflict in the groundwater basins. Some interviewees articulate concerns about challenges within the Santa Rosa Plain Basin Advisory Panel and limitations this places on effective collaboration.
 
Stakeholders demonstrated a high level of expectation for public outreach and stakeholder involvement. Respondents urged expansive outreach to rural residential well owners and seeking guidance and input from basin advisory panels and the public on forming the groundwater sustainability agency.

=== Governance Options ===
As part of the assessment, the facilitator and interviewees discussed possible configurations for the groundwater sustainability agency(s) within basins and across the three basins. Stakeholders articulated pros and cons of different options based on their understanding at the time. 

'''One GSA per Basin or 3 GSAs'''

'''''Pros'''''
* + Provides for decision making at local level, reflects each unique basin
 
'''''Cons'''''
* - GSAs might compete against one another for external funding
* - Spreading resources too thin

''Models:'' Existing BAP Structure


'''Hybrid: One GSA per Basin (or 3 GSAs) that Coordinate or Share Staff and Resources'''

This option was very popular among interviewees.

'''''Pros'''''
* + Provides for decision making at local level
* + Shares resources across basins
* + Allows for regional consideration on management issues

'''''Cons'''''
* - GSAs might compete against one another for external funding

''Model:'' Metropolitan Transportation Commission


'''Centralized: 1 GSA in County for all three Basins'''

'''''Pros'''''
* + Like the simplicity and ease of setting up
* + Shares decision making across agencies with possibility of designating seats for particular agencies or interests groups
* + Shares resources and costs

'''''Cons'''''
* - Governing board too big. Agency too big.
* - Prefer decision-making at local level. Might miss the nuances of the local detail
* - Concerned about GSA board representing all groundwater users’ interests


'''Multiple GSAs/Basin'''<br />
No interviewees expressed interest in having multiple GSAs within a basin.

=== GSA-Eligible Entities in Sonoma County ===
Eligibility as defined by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act: a local agency or combination of local agencies. A “local agency” is any public agency that does one of the following: supplies water, manages water, or controls land use. Counties are the default GSA in “unmanaged” areas. If no GSA is formed, the County is designated by default. If the County does not step forward, the state intervenes.

'''SANTA ROSA BASIN'''
* City of Cotati
* City of Rohnert Park
* City of Santa Rosa
* City of Sebastopol
* Town of Windsor
* Sonoma County PRMD / Administrator
* Sonoma County Water Agency
* Sonoma County Resource Conservation District
 
'''PETALUMA BASIN'''
* City of Petaluma
* North Bay Water District
* Sonoma County PRMD / Administrator
* Sonoma County Water Agency
 
'''SONOMA VALLEY BASIN'''
* City of Sonoma
* North Bay Water District
* Valley of the Moon Water District
* Sonoma County PRMD / Administrator
* Sonoma County Water Agency

==== Desired Qualities of a Groundwater Sustainability Agency ====
In response to the facilitator’s question, respondents articulated that the agency or agencies should have political credibility and a strong technical capacity, with a track record of conducting similar activities. The agency should be willing to leverage existing work (like USGS studies and existing Groundwater Management Programs) and link responsibility between countywide surface water supply and basin groundwater supplies. It should fairly represent local interests and have equal representation of those interests on its Board of Directors. Consistent with SGMA, participants would like to evaluate the ability of the governance structure to protect groundwater supply interests for all beneficial uses and users. Scalability was also an important long-term consideration: the agency should be structured so that it can manage future basin designations as medium or high priority in the county.

Interviewees recommended repeatedly to keep the structure as simple as possible and to avoid cumbersome, costly bureaucracy while allowing more complex structures to evolve if needed in the future. Concern exists that establishing structure could be lengthy or difficult. Some worry that creating a joint powers authority would be very difficult to organize/agree to and cumbersome in implementation. They advocated for a cost-effective and efficient institution that considers ratepayers when leveling self-sustaining fees. Interviewees recommend comparing costs, potential fees that structures and options would require. 
 
Interviewees noted that SCWA has the technical and scientific capacity to develop the groundwater sustainability plan. SCWA is involved in groundwater management and conjunctive use. SCWA also provides regional perspective across basins and has been able to solicit funding from the state to assist existing groundwater programs.

== Recommendations == 
The Consensus Building Institute developed process recommendations through a participatory evaluation process, sharing preliminary interview findings with staff of the GSA-eligible agencies to then design a recommended process. The goal of the proposed process was to form groundwater sustainability agencies in the basins that have widespread support of the eligible agencies, stakeholders, and the general public.

=== GSA Formation Process ===
Following the stakeholder assessment, staff of the GSA-eligible agencies begin meeting in summer 2015 to understand and explore options to comply with SGMA. Staff continue to work together to develop governance options that would be appropriate for the basins throughout the fall, given the existing groundwater programs and based on the interests of the agencies and stakeholders in the basins. During fall 2015, the County and the Sonoma County Water Agency, in cooperation with the other GSA-eligible entities, hosted public workshops to increase the public’s understanding of SGMA and share information about potential options for compliance. Additional outreach activities also occurred, including distribution of informational materials and a web site (www.sonomacountygroundwater.org). Some GSA-eligible agencies provided briefings to governing boards during regularly scheduled meetings, which are open to the public and served as another outreach vehicle.

The proposed goal was for staff from eligible agencies to have recommendations on the GSA(s) by spring of 2016, followed by another robust outreach program. (However, in reality, staff worked on these issues until spring 2017.) While outreach was occurring, the GSA-eligible entities would continue discussing the details of GSA governance options, exploring options in more depth over time. These discussions would benefit from the outreach process yielding new insights and potential concerns that staff could then incorporate into discussions. Assuming no major challenges at that point, the responsible agency(s) would issue one or more formal notices (one per GSA), as SGMA requires, and hold the necessary public hearing. Contingent on the outcome of the public hearing, the governing boards would then direct staff to finalize the GSA structure(s) and notify the State of California of its formation.

=== Topics for Decision-Making ===
Based on background interviews, surveys and discussions, the parties needed to discuss the following topics to reach a successful conclusion on GSA formation.
* ''Decision-making framework:'' Agree on how decisions will be made at a staff level and sequencing for governing board consideration and final approvals.
* ''Principles for developing governance options:'' Serve as a tool to demonstrate intent and help others understand how the GSA-eligible agencies will work together.
* ''GSA authorities and responsibilities:'' Clarify the authorities and responsibilities that the law establishes.
* ''Governance structures and options:'' Explore the governance structure options and necessary legal agreements necessary to support successful formation and implementation. Decide on a voting mechanism for the governing board. Determine the role of public involvement.
* ''Criteria for evaluating options:'' Use to evaluate, weigh and compare options using eligible entity and stakeholder interests as basis of criteria.
* ''Legal documents for GSA formation:'' Craft the legal documentation of all agreements.
* ''Communication and outreach:'' Develop an outreach strategy to inform all beneficial users of groundwater and the public at large.
* ''Costs:'' Consider the costs of forming and operating the groundwater sustainability agency and developing a funding and finance plan and associated policies.
* ''Timeframe for GSA formation:'' Monitor and comply with state-mandated deadlines.

==== Staff-Level Decision Making Framework ====
Staff approved the following recommended decision-making framework on July 20, 2015.
 
'''Consensus Seeking:''' Staff of Groundwater Sustainable Agency-eligible agencies shall strive for consensus (agreement among all participants) in all of its decision-making. Consensus means that all group members either fully support or can live with the decision. Group members are committed to problem solving, exploring interests in subcommittees and the full group to support reaching consensus on policy issues.

If unable to reach consensus, each GSA-eligible agency retains authority to form a groundwater sustainability agency on its own, or opt out (not form a GSA) and not participate in any GSA.

==== Ultimate Decision Making ====
Local elected officials make the ultimate decision on groundwater sustainability agency designation. To that end, staff of GSA-eligible entities explored and options and presented recommendations to their governing boards or councils. The GSA-eligible agencies’ staff, having strived to reach internal consensus on the governance option, discussed these options at board and council meetings that were open to the public and also hold public workshops with interested stakeholders. If a county does not step forward, the State Water Resources Control Board intervenes.

== Outcomes and GSA Governance Structure ==
=== Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Sustainability Agency ===
The outcome of the negotiation was to develop one GSA in each of the three basins in Sonoma County that were required to comply with SGMA. In the Santa Rosa Plain, one GSA, the newly formed Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Sustainability Agency, will govern and regulate groundwater use. Staff of the GSA-eligible agencies, with consideration of public input, negotiated the governance structure. The entities that created this newly formed structure included Sonoma County, five local cities, the Sonoma County Resource Conservation District, and the Sonoma County Water Agency. The boards of all these entities approved the recommended structure. 

=== Adopted Principles ===
The first area that the group moved forward was these adopted principles. The principles served as a tool for staff to share with their elected boards of directors and the public about their goals and intent in the GSA formation process.

# Eligible local agencies should work together to identify a unified and equitable approach to governance in which each local agency has a meaningful voice.
# The governance structure should reinforce the “local management” principles embodied in the Act by ensuring that management decisions are made at the local level in each groundwater basin.
# While local management is essential, opportunities should be found for sharing resources and management expertise across basins.  The governance structure should avoid redundancy and reduce management costs by efficiently using local staff and technical resources and agency infrastructure.
# Groundwater sustainability planning under the Act should build upon successful water management efforts in Sonoma County, including the adopted groundwater management plans in the Sonoma Valley and Santa Rosa Plain.
# In addition to the local agencies, community stakeholders should be represented through additional formal governance structures, such as advisory committees, to ensure diverse viewpoints are represented in plan development and implementation.
# A robust and transparent outreach program should be conducted to provide information to and receive input from private well owners and the general public regarding the Act.

=== Legal Structure ===
The entities created a joint powers authority agreement to serve as the legal structure for the Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Sustainability Agency. This structure was picked over other options because it creates a separate entity that can assume liability and responsibility for the work at hand.

=== Governing Board ===
The governing board is made up of one board director per GSA-eligible agency. One additional seat was created to represent the private and mutual water companies operating in the region. Under SGMA, these entities were not eligible to form their own GSA, but were eligible to participate in a GSA by invitation. 

Governing board representatives would be an elected or appointed official from the eligible agency (except for the water companies who appoint a representative). Both of these elements were the subject of extensive discussion as some entities wanted staff to be able to serve on the governing board, while others felt strongly that the public and others wanted board members to be elected officials accountable to the public.

==== Provisional Seat for GSA-Eligible Agency during Formation ====
The governing board would provide an ex officio (non-voting) provisional seat to any entity going through the process to achieve GSA eligibility status. The GSA board would confirm that entity has met the eligibility criteria to the board’s satisfaction and would then formally invite the entity to join the board in an ex officio capacity. Once formed, the new entity would receive a voting seat. When new entities become GSA eligible, they would automatically be eligible to join the JPA and have a seat with full voting privileges on the GSA board. The GSA board would act to extend the invitation to join the Joint Powers Authority and GSA board.

The process to become a GSA-eligible entity required an act of the California legislature or an extensive review and approval process via the Local Area Formation Commission. The entity’s anticipated services would need to be water supply, water management, or land use authority consistent with the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act eligibility. This was a pivotal agreement because agriculture wanted a more active role in the governance structure. Agreeing to automatically add any entity that became GSA-eligible met the cities’ interests of the board composition of governmental entities while leaving the door open should another entity become eligible. 
 
=== Voting ===
The governing board adopted a simple and super-majority voting structure and unanimous voting for financial contributions. To approve a measure, a simple-majority (>50% or 5 of 9 Directors) of Board Directors must vote in favor to approve the decision. All decision-making votes require a simple majority, except for those requiring super-majority or unanimous votes. A super-majority would require 75% of board directors for approval. This would be needed for fees, regulations, and budgets. 

GSA Board unanimous voting would be required for financial contributions of entities that signed on to the legal agreement that created the structure, the joint powers authority. The rationale was that if an entity did not have the funds available, then the GSA could not levy fees for them. The alternative would be to modify the GSA budget. 

=== Periodic Check-in on Governance ===
To ensure that the agreement meets GSA needs, a public review will be held after initial fee study, after the Groundwater Sustainability Plan is adopted, and very 10 years after GSP adoption.

=== Strong Advisory Body ===
A strong advisory body was created to address stakeholder input in order to advise Sonoma Valley GSA Boards on plan development and implementation. Each advisory body plays a significant policy-making role, through providing recommendations to the GSA board on a broad array of issues, including the groundwater sustainability plan itself and how that plan would be implemented through regulations, projects, programs and funding. The Sonoma Advisory Body will advise the board on development and implementation of groundwater sustainability plan, regulations, fees, capital projects, programs, and community with stakeholder constituencies.

Each entity participating in the GSA would appoint one member of the advisory body. The GSA board would appoint seven additional members representing: two environmental representatives; two rural residential well owners; one business community representatives; two agricultural interests. And, Graton Rancheria, a tribe in the Santa Rosa Plain, would appoint a representative as well. 

Appointments to the advisory body are for two years and are made through a formal application process. Most entities preferred that the advisory panel be open to community members and staff representatives. Meetings are subject to public process transparency laws in California, and are open to public attendance as per the Brown Act. Decision-making for this body will be made under the protocols established by its charter. 

== Future Challenges and Solutions ==
The GSAs have a number of challenging responsibilities ahead related to funding, groundwater planning, and achieving sustainability. 

''Funding:'' Members of the groundwater sustainability agency that formed the joint powers authority agreement provided initial funding for the first 2 years of operation. However, as an independent agency, the GSA will need to identify a sustaining funding source to carry out its activities. Grants are an option, as are fees. However, levying fees on California residents requires study and a public process that can be tenuous and difficult. The GSAs will embark on conducting fee studies immediately to learn the best avenues to secure funding.

''Groundwater Planning:'' The GSAs must develop a groundwater sustainability plan by 2022 for each independent basin. The California Department of Water Resources is setting the standards for these plans. The plans will be technical and require substantial work to meet state requirements. 

''Achieving Sustainability:'' After forming the groundwater sustainability plans, the Santa Rosa Plain GSA and the Sonoma Valley GSA have 20 years to achieve sustainability. The law establishes seven metrics of sustainability, and the groundwater sustainability plan will quantify those metrics. Through the planning process, the plan will identify the steps necessary to achieve sustainability. Introducing tools to manage groundwater pumping is going to be instrumental to success and will not be easy.
|Summary=Following three years of severe drought -- the driest recorded period in the century and a half since the state began recording rainfall -- California passed the Sustainable Groundwater   Management Act of 2014 (SGMA) to create a statewide framework for groundwater regulation. This legislation called for local agencies to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSA) for 127 priority groundwater basins by 2017, develop groundwater sustainability plans (GSPs) by 2022, and achieve sustainability within 20 years. Each GSA has the significant challenge and opportunity to develop a GSP and prevent “undesirable results” of chronic groundwater overdraft while considering the interest of “all beneficial uses and users of groundwater.”

Beginning in 2015 shortly after the legislation, groundwater sustainability agency formation in Sonoma County, California, involved mediating agreements on governance for three emergent groundwater agencies, including legal structure, governing board structure, voting, initial funding, and public advisory component in three priority basins under California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. 

The Consensus Building Institute (CBI), an impartial mediation and facilitation services organization, facilitated discussions among staff of agencies eligible to serve as the GSA and workshops with interested stakeholders and the public to identify agreements on GSA formation. At the outset of this effort, CBI conducted an issue assessment with eligible agencies and stakeholders and conducted a joint evaluation with Sonoma County staff to assess issues and design a decision-making framework on the agency formation process. Public agency staff and CBI designed and implemented a countywide community engagement plan and held nine public workshops to solicit input and build widespread support and understanding. Toward the end of the process, CBI convened a meeting of elected officials from 9 public agencies to resolve final conflicts on voting and representation for GSA formation. 

The agreement included the legal structure, board composition and selection, voting, and funding for the agency formation process. The newly formed agency, the Santa Rosa Plain Groundwater Sustainability Agency, will regulate groundwater. The process achieved success for a variety of reasons: the public workshops were instrumental to broadening input to staff-centered discussions; the robust advisory process gave non-governmental actors a voice to contribute to decision-making; and the provision to allow newly formed entities to automatically join the governing board.
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|Refs=Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2017). Gross Domestic Product by State - First Quarter of 2017. Retrieved from https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2017/pdf/qgsp0717.pdf

California Department of Water Resources. (February 2015). California's Most Significant Droughts: Comparing Historical and Recent Conditions. Retrieved from http://www.water.ca.gov/waterconditions/docs/California_Signficant_Droughts_2015_small.pdf

California Water Plan Update 2013. Vol. 3.16. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.water.ca.gov/waterplan/docs/cwpu2013/Final/Vol3_Ch16_Groundwater-Aquifer-Remediation.pdf

California Water Resources Control Boards. (January 2013). Communities That Rely On A Contaminated Groundwater Source for Drinking Water: State Water Resources Control Boards Report to the Legislature. Retrieved from https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/gama/ab2222/docs/ab2222.pdf

Johnson, Renee and Betsy A. Cody. (June 2015). "California Agricultural Production and Irrigated Water Use." Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44093.pdf

Kunkel, K. E., L. E. Stevens, S. E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, and J. G. Dobson. (2013). Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment: Part 9. Climate of the Contiguous United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report NESDIS 142-5. Retrieved from https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/asset/document/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-5-Climate_of_the_Southwest_U.S.pdf

M. A. Maupin, et al. (2014). "Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2010,” USGS Circular 1405.

Moran, Tara, Janny Choy, and Carolina Sanchez. (2014). The Hidden Costs of Groundwater Overdraft. Retrieved from http://waterinthewest.stanford.edu/groundwater/overdraft

Monterey County Farm Bureau. (2015). Facts, Figures, and FAQs. Retrieved from http://montereycfb.com/index.php?page=facts-figures-faqs

Richtel, Matt. (June 2015). California Farmers Dig Deeper for Water, Sipping Their Neighbors Dry. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/business/energy-environment/california-farmers-dig-deeper-for-water-sipping-their-neighbors-dry.html

USDA Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey. (2013). Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44093.pdf
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